When data in a database is read or modified, the database engine uses special types of controls, called locks, to maintain integrity in the database. Locks basically work by making sure database records involved in a transaction cannot be modified by other transactions until the first transaction has committed, ensuring database consistency.
When designing database applications, you should keep in mind the different types of locks that will be issued, and the different levels of isolation your transactions will occur. Typically, the SQL Server defaults work fine for what you are trying to accomplish. However, there will be times when it is advantageous to manually make hints to how locks are issued on your tables in your SQL statements.
This article focuses on two table hints: NOLOCK and READPAST. I'll set up a table to use for our example queries. Execute the script in
Listing A to create the SalesHistory table and populate the table with data.
NOLOCK
This table hint, also known as READUNCOMMITTED, is applicable to SELECT statements only. NOLOCK indicates that no shared locks are issued against the table that would prohibit other transactions from modifying the data in the table.
The benefit of the statement is that it allows you to keep the database engine from issuing locks against the tables in your queries; this increases concurrency and performance because the database engine does not have to maintain the shared locks involved. The downside is that, because the statement does not issue any locks against the tables being read, some "dirty," uncommitted data could potentially be read. A "dirty" read is one in which the data being read is involved in a transaction from another connection. If that transaction rolls back its work, the data read from the connection using NOLOCK will have read uncommitted data. This type of read makes processing inconsistent and can lead to problems. The trick is being able to know when you should use NOLOCK.
As a side note, NOLOCK queries also run the risk of reading "phantom" data, or data rows that are available in one database transaction read but can be rolled back in another. (I will take a closer look at this side effect in part two of this article series.)
The following example shows how NOLOCK works and how dirty reads can occur. In the script below, I begin a transaction and insert a record in the SalesHistory table.
BEGIN TRANSACTION
INSERT INTO SalesHistory
(Product, SaleDate, SalePrice)
VALUES
('PoolTable', GETDATE(), 500)
The transaction is still open, which means that the record that was inserted into the table still has locks issued against it. In a new query window, run the following script, which uses the NOLOCK table hint in returning the number of records in the SalesHistory table.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SalesHistory WITH(NOLOCK)
The number of records returned is 301. Since the transaction that entered the record into the SalesHistory table has not been committed, I can undo it. I'll roll back the transaction by issuing the following statement:
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
This statement removes the record from the SalesHistory table that I previously inserted. Now I run the same SELECT statement that I ran earlier:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SalesHistory WITH(NOLOCK)
This time the record count returned is 300. My first query read a record that was not yet committed -- this is a dirty read.
READPAST
This is a much less commonly used table hint than NOLOCK. This hint specifies that the database engine not consider any locked rows or data pages when returning results.
The advantage of this table hint is that, like NOLOCK, blocking does not occur when issuing queries. In addition, dirty reads are not present in READPAST because the hint will not return locked records. The downside of the statement is that, because records are not returned that are locked, it is very difficult to determine if your result set, or modification statement, includes all of the necessary rows. You may need to include some logic in your application to ensure that all of the necessary rows are eventually included.
The READPAST table hint example is very similar to the NOLOCK table hint example. I'll begin a transaction and update one record in the SalesHistory table.
BEGIN TRANSACTION
UPDATE TOP(1) SalesHistory
SET SalePrice = SalePrice + 1
Because I do not commit or roll back the transaction, the locks that were placed on the record that I updated are still in effect. In a new query editor window, run the following script, which uses READPAST on the SalesHistory table to count the number of records in the table.
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM SalesHistory WITH(READPAST)
My SalesHistory table originally had 300 records in it. The UPDATE statement is currently locking one record in the table. The script above that uses READPAST returns 299 records, which means that because the record I am updating is locked, it is ignored by the READPAST hint.
